owasungula ukunyathelisa kwe-offset

Isingeniso

Ukuphrinta kwe-offset kuye kwashintsha kakhulu emhlabeni wokunyathelisa, kushintsha indlela esikhiqiza ngayo izincwadi, amaphephandaba, nezinye izinto zokuphrinta. Kodwa ingabe wake wazibuza ukuthi ubani owasungula le nqubo yokunyathelisa ephawulekayo? Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola umsuka wokunyathelisa nge-offset kanye nezingqondo ezihlakaniphile zokusungulwa kwakho. Sizobhekisisa umlando, ukuthuthuka, kanye nomthelela wokunyathelisa nge-offset, sikhanyisele abantu abasha abavula indlela yobuchwepheshe besimanje bokunyathelisa.

Izindlela Zokuphrinta Zakuqala

Ngaphambi kokuba singene sijule ekusungulweni kokunyathelisa kwe-offset, kubalulekile ukuqonda izindlela zokunyathelisa zakuqala ezavula indlela yale nqubo yenguquko. Ukunyathelisa kunomlando omude nonezindaba, kusukela empucukweni yasendulo njengaseMesopotamiya namaShayina. Izindlela zokunyathelisa zakuqala, njengokunyathelisa i-woodblock nezinhlamvu ezinyakazayo, zaba nendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa.

Ukunyathelisa nge-woodblock, okwaqalwa eShayina yasendulo, kwakuhilela ukuqopha izinhlamvu noma izithombe esigxotsheni sokhuni, esasibe sesigcotshwa ngoyinki bese sigxivizwa ephepheni noma endwangu. Le ndlela yayinzima futhi ilinganiselwe emakhonweni ayo, kodwa yabeka isisekelo sezindlela zokunyathelisa zesikhathi esizayo. Ukusungulwa kwezinhlamvu ezinyakazayo zikaJohannes Gutenberg ekhulwini le-15 kwaba igxathu eliphawulekayo eliya phambili kwezobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa, njengoba kwavumela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezincwadi nezinye izinto ezinyathelisiwe.

Ukuzalwa Kokuphrinta kwe-Offset

Ukusungulwa kokuphrinta kwe-offset kungabangelwa abantu ababili: uRobert Barclay no-Ira Washington Rubel. URobert Barclay, iNgisi, kuthiwa nguye owasungula umqondo wokunyathelisa nge-offset ngo-1875. Nokho, kwakungu-Ira Washington Rubel, umMelika, owayifeza le nqubo futhi wayenza yakwazi ukuhwebelana ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Umqondo kaBarclay wokunyathelisa nge-offset wawusekelwe esimisweni se-lithography, indlela yokunyathelisa esebenzisa ukungaguquki kukawoyela namanzi. Ku-lithography, isithombe esizophrintwa sidwetshwa endaweni eyisicaba, njengetshe noma ipuleti lensimbi, kusetshenziswa into enamafutha. Izindawo ezingezona izithombe ziphathwa ukuze zihehe amanzi, kuyilapho izindawo zesithombe zixosha amanzi futhi zihehe uyinki. Uma ipuleti liyinki, uyinki unamathela ezindaweni zesithombe bese udluliselwa engutsheni yenjoloba ngaphambi kokuba isuswe ephepheni.

Igalelo likaRobert Barclay

Ukuhlola kwasekuqaleni kukaRobert Barclay ngokunyathelisa nge-offset kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwale nqubo. I-Barclay yabona amandla e-lithography njengendlela yokudlulisa uyinki ephepheni futhi yakha indlela yokusebenzisa isimiso sokungaguquki kukawoyela namanzi ukuze kwakhe inqubo yokuphrinta esebenza kahle kakhulu. Nakuba imizamo yokuqala kaBarclay yokunyathelisa nge-offset yayingajwayelekile, ukuqonda kwakhe kwabeka isiteji sokusungula izinto ezintsha esikhathini esizayo kulo mkhakha.

Umsebenzi kaBarclay wokunyathelisa nge-offset wawungaziwa kabanzi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, futhi wakuthola kunzima ukwamukelwa imibono yakhe embonini yokunyathelisa. Kodwa-ke, iminikelo yakhe ekuthuthukisweni kokunyathelisa kwe-offset ayikwazi ukweqiwa, njengoba inikeze isisekelo u-Ira Washington Rubel azokwakha phezu kwaso.

I-Ira Washington Rubel Innovation

U-Ira Washington Rubel, umdwebi wezincwadi onekhono, uyena owaqhuba ukucolisiswa nokwandiswa kokunyathelisa kwe-offset. Ukuphumelela kukaRubel kwenzeka ngo-1904 lapho ngephutha ethola ukuthi isithombe esidluliselwe engubeni yenjoloba singabe sesisuswa ephepheni. Lokhu kutholakala ngephutha kwashintsha imboni yokunyathelisa futhi kwabeka isisekelo sezindlela zesimanje zokunyathelisa nge-offset.

Ukuqamba okusha kukaRubel kwakuhilela ukushintsha itshe lendabuko noma ipuleti lokuphrinta lensimbi ngengubo yenjoloba, enikeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezindleko. Le ntuthuko yenze ukuphrinta kwe-offset kwasebenziseka futhi kwafinyeleleka kalula, okwaholela ekusetshenzisweni kwayo kabanzi ngabanyathelisi emhlabeni wonke. Ukuzinikela kukaRubel ekuthuthukiseni inqubo yokunyathelisa ye-offset kwaqinisa isimo sakhe njengephayona emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa.

Umthelela kanye Nefa

Ukusungulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa nge-offset kwaba nomthelela omkhulu embonini yokunyathelisa, kwashintsha indlela izinto ezinyathelisiwe ezazikhiqizwa futhi zisakazwe ngayo. Izinzuzo zokunyathelisa nge-offset, njengokukhiqiza kabusha kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ukonga izindleko, nokuguquguquka, ngokushesha kwenze kwaba indlela yokunyathelisa ethandwayo yayo yonke into kusukela ezincwadini nasemaphephandabeni kuya ekupakisheni nasezintweni zokumaketha. Ikhono lokuphrinta nge-offset ukuphatha ukuphrinta okukhulu lisebenza kahle futhi ngokungaguquki likwenze kwaba ithuluzi elibalulekile kubashicileli, abakhangisi, namabhizinisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa lokuphrinta kwe-offset liyaqhubeka esikhathini sedijithali, njengoba imigomo namasu athuthukiswe uBarclay noRubel aqhubeka nokuba nomthelela kubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta besimanje. Nakuba ukuphrinta kwedijithali kuye kwavela njengendlela ehlukile yokuphrinta ye-offset kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, imiqondo eyisisekelo yokuphrinta kwe-offset ihlala ibalulekile futhi inomthelela.

Isiphetho

Ukusungulwa kokuphrinta kwe-offset nguRobert Barclay kanye no-Ira Washington Rubel kumelela umzuzu wamanzi emlandweni wobuchwepheshe bokuphrinta. Umbono wabo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokukhuthazela kwabo kwabeka isisekelo sendlela yokunyathelisa eyayizoshintsha imboni futhi ishiye ifa elihlala njalo. Kusukela emisuka yayo ephansi kuya ekutholweni kwayo okusakazekile, ukunyathelisa kwe-offset kuye kwashintsha indlela esikhiqiza futhi sisebenzisa ngayo izinto ezinyathelisiwe, kwalolongwa umhlaba wokunyathelisa, ukuxhumana nokuhweba. Njengoba sibheka ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa, singalandelela ukuvela kwabo emuva ezingqondweni ezihlakaniphile ezasungula ukunyathelisa kwe-offset.