Ukuvela Kokwenziwa Komshini Wokuphrinta Nobuchwepheshe

Isingeniso:

Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zemishini yokunyathelisa eqhutshwa ngesandla kuya emishinini yokunyathelisa yedijithali ethuthukisiwe yanamuhla, imboni yokunyathelisa iye yabona inguquko emangalisayo kwezokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe. Ukwethulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa kwayishintsha kakhulu indlela ukwaziswa okwakusakazwa ngayo, kwavumela ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi bezincwadi, amaphephandaba, nezinye izinto ezinyathelisiwe. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ucwaningo olunzulu, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nobunjiniyela bokusungula kuye kwaqhubekisela phambili imboni yemishini yokunyathelisa, okwenza izinqubo zokunyathelisa ezisheshayo nezisebenza kahle kakhudlwana. Kulesi sihloko, singena ekuguqukeni okuthakazelisayo kokukhiqizwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa kanye nobuchwepheshe, sihlola amangqopha-mlando amakhulu kanye nempumelelo emise le mboni enamandla.

I-Revolutionizing Printing Technology Ngokusungulwa Komshini Wokunyathelisa:

Ukufika kwemishini yokunyathelisa kungalandelelwa emuva ekusungulweni komshini wokunyathelisa nguJohannes Gutenberg ekhulwini le-15. Ukusungulwa kukaGutenberg okuyisisekelo, okuhlanganisa izinhlobo ezinyakazayo, uyinki, nomshini wokunyathelisa, kwenza ukuba kukhiqizwe ngobuningi bezincwadi futhi kwaletha uguquko olukhulu embonini yokunyathelisa. Ngaphambi komshini wokunyathelisa kaGutenberg, izincwadi zazibhalwe ngesandla ngokucophelela ababhali, benciphisa ukutholakala nokutholakala kwezinto ezinyathelisiwe. Ngomshini wokunyathelisa, ukufinyeleleka kolwazi kwanda kakhulu, okuholele ekwenyukeni kwamazinga okufunda nokubhala kanye nokusakazwa kabanzi kolwazi.

Ukusungulwa kukaGutenberg kwabeka isisekelo sentuthuko eyalandela ezobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa, okusebenza njengesisusa sokuthuthuka okwengeziwe. Umshini wokunyathelisa wawusebenza ngokucindezela ohlotsheni lukayinki, udlulisela uyinki ephepheni, futhi uvumele ukuba amakhophi amaningi akhiqizwe ngokushesha. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwezobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa kwabeka isiteji sokuziphendukela kwemvelo okwalandela kanye nokucwengwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa.

Ukukhula Kokuphrinta Kwezimboni:

Njengoba isidingo sezinto ezinyathelisiwe sasilokhu sikhula, isidingo sezindlela zokunyathelisa ezisheshayo neziphumelela kakhudlwana saba sobala. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kwaba nokwanda kokunyathelisa kwezimboni ngokwethulwa kwemishini yokunyathelisa esebenzisa umusi. Le mishini, esetshenziswa izinjini zesitimu, inikeza isivinini esithe xaxa kanye nokukhiqiza uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini yokunyathelisa esetshenziswa ngesandla evamile.

Omunye wamavulandlela aphawulekayo embonini yokunyathelisa yezimboni kwakunguFriedrich Koenig, owakha umshini wokunyathelisa osebenza ngesitimu ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ukusungulwa kuka-Koenig, okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-steam press," kwashintsha kakhulu imboni yokunyathelisa, kwakwandisa kakhulu amakhono ayo. Umshini wokunyathelisa umusi wawuvumela ukunyatheliswa kwamashidi amakhulu futhi wazuza isivinini esikhulu sokunyathelisa, okwenza kube lula ukukhiqizwa kwamaphephandaba ngobuningi nezinye izincwadi. Le ntuthuko ebalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe yashintsha izindlela zokukhiqiza izincwadi futhi yangenisa inkathi entsha yokunyathelisa ngemishini.

Ukuvela kwe-Offset Lithography:

Kulo lonke ikhulu lama-20, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokunyathelisa baqhubeka buvela, ngakunye budlula obandulelayo ngokusebenza kahle, ikhwalithi, nokusebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Impumelelo enkulu yaba nokuthuthukiswa kwe-offset lithography, eyashintsha imboni yokunyathelisa.

I-offset lithography, eyasungulwa ngu-Ira Washington Rubel ngo-1904, yethula indlela entsha eyasebenzisa isilinda senjoloba ukudlulisa uyinki epuleti lensimbi iye ephepheni. Le nqubo yanikeza izinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kokunyathelisa kwe-letterpress okuvamile, okuhlanganisa isivinini sokunyathelisa esisheshayo, ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesithombe okubukhali, kanye nekhono lokuphrinta ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto. Ngokushesha i-offset lithography yaba ubuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa obuhamba phambili ezinsizakalweni ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ukunyathelisa kwezentengiselwano, ukupakisha, nezinto zokukhangisa.

I-Digital Printing Revolution:

Ukufika kwamakhompiyutha nobuchwepheshe bedijithali ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwabeka inkundla yolunye ushintsho olukhulu embonini yokunyathelisa. Ukuphrinta kwedijithali, okunikwe amandla amafayela edijithali kunezingcwecwe zokuphrinta eziphathekayo, kuvunyelwe ukuguquguquka okukhulu, ukwenza ngokwezifiso, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko.

Ukuphrinta kwedijithali kuqede isidingo sezinqubo zokwenza amapuleti ezidla isikhathi, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokusetha nokuvumela izikhathi zokushintsha ngokushesha. Lobu buchwepheshe buphinde buye banika amandla ukuphrinta idatha eguquguqukayo, okuvumela okuqukethwe komuntu siqu nemikhankaso yokumaketha ehlosiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphrinta edijithali anikeze ikhwalithi yokuphrinta ephakeme kakhulu, enemibala egqamile nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwesithombe okunembayo.

Ngokukhula kokuphrinta kwedijithali, izindlela zokuphrinta zendabuko zabhekana nokuncintisana okukhulu. Nakuba i-offset lithography iqhubekile nokuchuma kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukuphrinta kwedijithali kwandise kakhulu ukuba khona kwayo, ikakhulukazi ekunyatheliseni kwesikhathi esifushane nasekukhiqizeni okudingekayo. Uguquko lwedijithali lwenze intando yeningi imboni yokunyathelisa, lwanikeza abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi amancane amandla ukuze bathole izixazululo zokunyathelisa ezithengekayo nezisezingeni eliphezulu.

Ikusasa Lemishini Yokuphrinta:

Njengoba siqhubekela phambili, imboni yemishini yokunyathelisa ayibonisi zimpawu zokwehla kancane kancane mayelana nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Imboni ilokhu ihlola imingcele emisha futhi icindezela imingcele ukuze ihlangabezane nezidingo eziguqukayo zamakhasimende.

Indawo eyodwa ebamba amandla amakhulu ukuphrinta kwe-3D. Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukukhiqiza okungeziwe, ukuphrinta kwe-3D kuvula umhlaba wamathuba, okuvumela ukudalwa kwezinto ezinobukhulu obuthathu kusetshenziswa amafayela edijithali njengamapulani. Lobu buchwepheshe benguquko buye bathola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, ezifaka ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ezezimoto, i-aerospace, nezimpahla zabathengi. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta be-3D buqhubeka nokuthuthuka, kulindeleke ukuthi buphazamise izinqubo zokukhiqiza ezingokwesiko futhi buguqule indlela imikhiqizo eklanywa ngayo, iphrothoyiphu, kanye nokukhiqizwa kwayo.

Enye indawo ethakaselwayo i-nanography, ubuchwepheshe bokuphrinta obusezingeni eliphezulu obusebenzisa i-nanotechnology ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphrinta nokusebenza kahle. Ukuphrinta kwe-Nanographic kusebenzisa izinhlayiya zikayinki ezinosayizi we-nano kanye nenqubo yedijithali eyingqayizivele ukuze kukhiqizwe izithombe ezibukhali kakhulu ngokunemba okungavamile. Lobu buchwepheshe bunamandla okuguqula imboni yokunyathelisa yezentengiselwano, kuvule amathuba amasha okuphrinta okunesinqumo esiphezulu nokunyathelisa idatha eguquguqukayo.

Sengiphetha, imboni yemishini yokunyathelisa iye yaba nenguquko ephawulekayo, eqhutshwa intuthuko kwezokukhiqiza nobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekusungulweni komshini wokunyathelisa kuya enguqukweni yokunyathelisa yedijithali, ingqopha-mlando ngayinye iye yaba nengxenye ekufinyelelekeni, isivinini, nezinga lezinto ezinyathelisiwe. Njengoba singena esikhathini esizayo, ubuchwepheshe obusha obufana nokuphrinta kwe-3D ne-nanography kubambe isithembiso sokuguqula imboni nakakhulu. Ngokungangabazeki, imboni yemishini yokunyathelisa izoqhubeka ijwayela, isungula, futhi ilolonge indlela ukwaziswa okusakazwa ngayo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.